The Inequality of William Shakespeare free essay sample

The Inequality of William Shakespeare and the Fictional Sister Judith In Virginia Woolfs Shakespeares Sister, she tells a story about how women were treated and the opportunities they didnt have as an intelligent writer, as compared to those of the men during the Elizabethan era (Shakespeares era). She wonders why there were no women writers during this time. All authors were men and their portrayals of women were usually as a person importance. While in reality they were the complete opposite. Lacking historical evidence, she makes up Judith, an imaginary twin sister of Shakespeare, who is Just as talented as her famous brother, but because she is a woman does not have the same opportunities to learn and write as he did. She questions what kind of life would this imaginary sister have lived compared to her brother. Woolf was amazed at how women were treated. Women had a difficult time pursuing their creative talents; they were expected to tend to the households chores and children, nothing else. They historically had few legal rights, nd could be treated as property by fathers and husbands. Not only were women rarely allowed to pursue careers or any type of creative endeavor, as Woolf points out, they werent thought to be gifted enough or bright enough to do so. Even the women viewed themselves as being inferior to men when it came to their intellectual and creative pursuits. She believes a persons state of mind must be clear of all negative things in order for it to be creative. If a woman did write, shed be a nervous wreck and her writing wouldnt be as good because it would be written with anger nd bitterness. Woolf talks about the portrayals of women written throughout history. If woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; infinitely beautiful and hideous in the extreme (pg. 694). When, in fact, this was not true. Women of this time couldnt read, were snubbed, slapped, beaten and considered property of their husbands. They didnt have the same rights as a man and were not encouraged to be an artist. Woolf brings up the fact that although they re in poetry from cover to cover, theyre all but absent from history. The only thing that can be found is a few statements about the legal rights of women (which there werent many), and the imaginative portrayals that men write about them. Any works that had the possibility of being written by a woman was most likely signed, Anonymous or signed with the name of a man. Women were not concerned with being famous like men were, it wasnt that important to have their name written on their works. What was important was Just the simple fact of having the chance to ave had anything they written published at all. The playing field was completely unequal tor men and women. Woolt wrote, Any woman born witn a great gitt would certainly have gone crazed, shot herself, or ended her days in some lonely cottage outside the village, half witch, half wizard, feared and mocked at (pg. 698). She said this because a girl during this time could not live a free life, she was not allowed to walk the streets alone, nor could she work at or attend any plays unescorted. In fact, all women parts in a play were portrayed by men. If she tried, she ould have been hindered and disliked by other people. This would cause her to become stressed and bitter making her writing twisted with emotions. A woman that was born with a gift of poetry was an unhappy woman, a woman at strife against herself (pg. 699). The conditions of a womans life were detrimental to her ability to write, not only physically, but psychologically. Woolf shows this by providing facts about Judiths conflicting values and desires she would have been dealing with during her time. In order for the brain to be creative, it needs to be set free from all hings that are hostile. People, by nature, are vulnerable to discouragement and are affected by the opinion of others. The mind of an artist, she says, must be incandescent There must be no obstacle in it, no foreign matter unconsumed (pg. 703). Shakespeare used writing as an art, not as a way of self expression. This is what made Shakespeares writings so great, he didnt try to protest, to preach, to proclaim an injury, to pay off a score, or to make the world a witness of some hardship or grievance (pg. 704). Therefore his poetry flowed from him free and nimpeded. Woolf takes us back in time with her creation of Judith Shakespeare. She is able to show us with facts that it was impossible for women to write during this time because of how they were treated and looked upon. They were unequal to men, in fact, they were below them. She illustrates that there was no way that women could have competed with men in literary achievements. Woolf questioned why women did not write during the Elizabethan era and was able to show the relationship between women and literature without her personal opinion. She did this by having an objective view on the treatment of women and how a woman would have been susceptible to internalizing the belief that they were not capable of being able to write the same kind of plays that Shakespeare did. The obstacles, the distractions and the discouragements women had to deal with shows why the bookshelves are empty of works written by them. Her creation of Judith, the imaginary twin sister was proof of this. Although, she shared the same talent as her brother, her life had a different end because she was a woman.

Relationship between Mood and Opinion

Abstract A person’s immediate mood may affect their opinion of a movie soon after watching it. A person can be in various moods. This translates into a myriad of opinions of a movie if many people are considered.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Relationship between Mood and Opinion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this proposed study, 200 employees of a particular organization will take place in a study in which the researcher will try to determine a person’s mood prior to watching a movie and the opinion they form about the movie later. It is expected that persons with negative moods will have a negative opinion of the movie and persons with positively skewed moods will have positive opinions. Statistically significant results of this study will lead to better post premiership reviews of movies, may be a step closer towards better future reviews, and will foster further research in th is field. Participants This study will target at least 200 employees of a large organization. The participants will be picked through an email that will be sent to all employees in the company. The email will establish availability of a certain individual, gender, and ethnicity to ensure all demographics are captured in the study. The email will also state that the participants will go for a premier movie, whose ticket will be provided, as long as they participate in this study slightly before and after the movie. The study will take approximately 30 minutes in the two sessions. The employees who participate will also get a bonus ticket for yet another movie at the end of the movie under study. This will be a token of appreciation for participating in the study and will ensure that the participants take part in the study until the end.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Desig n The study will correlate a person’s mood prior to watching a movie and the opinion they form of the movie after watching. The predictor variable is a person’s mood before the movie and the criterion variable is the opinion they form after watching it. The mood of participants will be measured by listing a number of moods ranging from sad and unpleasant to cheerful and excited. The moods will be categorized broadly into pleasant and unpleasant. The participants will rank themselves in either category by choosing the most appropriate mood to describe them at that point (Zeally and Aitken, 2012). Opinions will be measured by a 5 point Likert Scale ranging from ‘1’ to indicate the participant did not like the movie at all to ‘5’ indicating a high regard for the movie (Unuth, 2012). Correlation analysis tools such as Excel and SPSS will be used for analysis to come up with meaningful information. However, careful data cleaning will be required to ensure that all questionnaires are filled well. Procedure The management of the organization, whose employees this study will sample, will watch out for an upcoming movie with estimated mass viewership. The management will then send an email informing employees of the upcoming study to establish if there is a relationship between a person’s mood prior to watching a movie and the opinion they form of the movie afterwards.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Relationship between Mood and Opinion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The email will categorically state the number of participants (200 employees) and the amount of time the study may take. Additionally, the company will pay for the tickets for the movie. It will encourage women and people from different ethnicities to participate. The researcher will have to be careful at this stage because of the high stakes at logistics. On the selected day of the movie, participants will arrive about 45 minutes before the movie starts. This will give them ample time to fill the first questionnaire (which will require them to select the most appropriate mood they think they are in) and allow for other logistical deadlines such as settling in their seats and handing out tickets. The researcher will have organized for a room where participants will fill the questionnaires. Everyone will have to be there before anyone fills his or her questionnaire. The researcher will state explicitly that the study is voluntary and no one is compelled to fill all questions. However, it would be important to fill both parts of the study to make it relevant to the researcher. After filling the first questionnaire, the researcher will allocate numbers to respondents and ask them to write it on the questionnaire. They will write the same number on the second questionnaire upon filling it. The researcher will hand the second questionnaire to the participant s after they leave the movie hall. This will have to be done at the exit of the hall because some participants may leave in a hurry and forget the second part.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second questionnaire will determine the opinion that the participant has formed of the movie. The opinions will be measured in a 5 point Likert Scale with ‘1’ indicating an extremely negative opinion and ‘5’ indicating a highly positive opinion of the movie. The questionnaire will not require to be filled at a particular place since it will have very few questions. Hence, it will take less than 5 minutes for a participant to fill. After the movie, the researcher will hand another bonus ticket as a token of appreciation for participating in the study. This movie ticket will also act an incentive to participate in the study to the last minute. Measures Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) This schedule consist of 60 moods that a person can have at a particular time (Zeally and Aitken, 2012). The moods are offered in a Likert scale format. ‘1’ indicates ‘not at all in the mood’ and ‘5’ represents ‘extre mely in the mood’. The moods range from pleasant ones such as ‘cheerful’, moderate ones such as ‘anxious’ to unpleasant ones such as ‘disgusted’. The participants will answer as truthfully as possible (Zeally and Aitken, 2012). Circumplex Model of Affect To categorize the moods into pleasant and unpleasant meaningfully, the researcher will use Circumplex Model of Affect. The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) by Unuth (2012) will be used to measure opinions of participants regarding the movie. It categorizes opinion from 1 to 5. This includes ‘impossible to communicate’, ‘very annoying’, ‘annoying’, ‘fair with some imperfections’ and ‘perfect’ respectively. The above categorization will form a basis for easy analysis by use of software (Unuth, 2012). Discussion A person’s mood before watching a movie is expected to affect a person’s opinion of the movie after watching. A good mood is likely to result in a favorable opinion while a foul mood is likely to result in a negative opinion of the movie. The study supports this hypothesis as it results in a correlation coefficient of 0.72. This indicates a statistically positive relationship between the two variables. Hence, it shows that a person’s mood has a large impact on the opinion they form about a movie. If the hypothesis had not been statistically supported, then we would conclude that a person’s mood has no any relationship with the opinion they form about a movie. Hence, it is paramount not to make decisions such as movie reviews based upon the opinions of individuals. This is because such a review may be skewed one way or the other depending upon who participates in it. The three most likely causal relationships that could have altered a variable in this study includes a busy day at home at work or in traffic, the happening of an event during the day o r expectation of such an event in future (e.g. wedding, burial), and nature of the prevailing weather. The movie that is shown will be highly advertised. It is expected that an employee who regularly goes to the movies will have heard about it. However, there is a possibility that this particular movie is not a person’s ‘type of movie’. In this case, favorable opinion is less likely despite the person been in a good mood. Additionally, an unfavorable opinion is highly likely if a person is in a foul mood. However, this may change in the course of the movie and result in a favorable opinion. These limitations may skew the outcome of the study. They are likely to happen. In carrying out similar researches in future, researchers can focus on giving respondents their ‘type of movie’ to overcome this limitation. Additionally, this study can be done spontaneously to find the respondents in their most natural state of mind. This is likely to result in a mor e representative study. Inversely, it may not be logistically possible to carry out. References Unuth, N. (2012). Mean Opinion Score (MOS). Web. Zeally, A.K. Aitken, R.C. (2012). Measuring of Mood. Web. This critical writing on Relationship between Mood and Opinion was written and submitted by user Harvey Cole to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Business Overseas Essays - Geography Of Europe, Europe,

Business Overseas Spain Geography & Location Spain is the second largest country in the EU. The territory of Spain covers most of the Iberian Peninsula; which it shares with Portugal and also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, and the North African cities of Ceuta and Melilla. In the north it is bordered by the Cantabrian Sea, France and Andorra; in the east and south-east by the Mediterranean; in the south by the Straits of Gibraltar; in the south-east by the Atlantic; in the west by Portugal and in the north-east by the Atlantic. Climate The temperate in Spain is clear, hot summers in the interior, more moderate and cloudy along the coast, cloudy, cold winters in the interior, partly cloudy and cool along the coast. Terrain The terrain of Spain described as large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in the north. Natural hazards Periodic droughts Time Zones Spain is one hour ahead of London time, with the exception of the Canary Island, which is in the same time zone as London. Language Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% Spanish is the official language, which is used along with other official regional languages, such as Catalan, Basque, Galician and Valencian in their respective autonomous communities. English is the main foreign language studied at school. Population 39,167,744 (July 1999 est.) Age structure 0-14 years: 15% (male 3,012,907; female 2,835,455) 15-64 years: 68% (male 13,411,046; female 13,406,216) 65 years and over: 17% (male 2,702,654; female 3,799,468) (1999 est.) Currency 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos Economic System Spain is very dynamic country and has achieved high economic growth rates surpassing the average of other industrialized countries. Sixty million tourists visit the country each year. International organizations recognize and endorse the improvement in the Spanish economy, as the country shows a projected GDP growth of 3.7 percent for 1998. The operations in the Spanish financial system can be classified as follows: The Bank of Spain, :Banco de Espana,? is the central issuing bank. It implements the monetary and exchange policy set forth by the Government and provides payment services with respect to the national debt. Around 50 foreign banks have offices in Spain. Stock market There are four stock exchanges in Spin; the largest is Madrid and the others are located in Barcelona, Valencia and Bilbao. The Spanish stock exchanges are characterized over the long run by strong steady growth in share price. Money Market The money market is based fundamentally on the issuance of short-term securities by the Bank of Spain, which are taken up by banks, finance companies and money market operators that place a portion of them with individuals and corporations with cash surpluses for short-term investment. In a broader sense, the money market also covers inter-bank deposits. Interest rates on such deposits are as a benchmark for other transactions and trading in short-term corparate securities (although these are dealt with through stock exchanges). The money market has become increasingly important as a result of the liberalization and greater flexibility of the Spanish financial system. This is evident from the fact that interest rates are ordinarily higher than the inflation rate and from the substantial volume of trading in money market securities. The Government debt market is important in Spain and used by both resident and foreign investors. Favorable tax arrangements for investments by non-residents in these securities make this market attractive. Transportation Railways: total 15,079 km Highways: total 346,858 km Paved: 343,389 km Unpaved: 3,469 km Waterways: 1,045 km Ports and harbors: Aviles, Barceluna, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, Huelua, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Malaga, Melilla, Pasajes, Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerif (Canry Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo Airports 99 (1998 est.) Political System Spain's government type is parliamentary monarchy. Spain has three different levels of government, municipal governments, autonomous communities, and the central government. Spaniards can boast of having one of the best lifestyles in Europe or for that matter, in the world. It is the sunniest country in Europe and its climate is ranked among the healthiest in the world according to the World Health Organization. Spain's excellent quality of life has been widely recognized by the media, and in particular a recent study by The Economist ranked Spain as third in the world in terms of social, political, cultural, and economic factors. Over four thousand kilometers of beaches, abundant

Free Essays on The Problem With Money

A good education is comprised of many things, one of which is the quality of the school’s program. Many other elements make up the school including the community, the teachers, and of course the actual environment in which the learning takes place. All of these things depend on a solid financial backing in order to exist fully for the benefit of the students. According to â€Å"The Facts on File Dictionary of Education†, the word ‘budgeting’ is defined as, â€Å"No less than the single most important decision-making process in the United States public institutions today,† (73). The people who are responsible for this allocation of funds are left with an exceptionally tough job. One member of the faculty that is in charge of proper distribution of district budget funds is the administrator. This job can be very stressful, seeing as how the existence of these growing funds has, over the years, become extremely vital. The first and foremost element of the school district is the community. The job of the administrator here is to see that the community is knowledgeable of what is needed. Focusing more toward public schools; the fact of the matter is that if the community is not well-informed on the needs of the school district, budgets will not pass. As substantial finances are needed for the success of academic programs, the lack of a significant budget will noticeably lead to a lack of academic quality among the district. As Dr. Robert Kopecek explains in his interview entitled â€Å"The Man the Myth and The Mission†, public schooling can only exist with community support. â€Å"†¦strong public education is something that citizens need to invest in if you’re going to have a thriving community,† (14). As one can see, the correlation between the quality of the school district and the quality of the community it resides in is very pronounced. Furthermore, he says â€Å"The cost of education has also changed. It’s a big business†¦so muc... Free Essays on The Problem With Money Free Essays on The Problem With Money A good education is comprised of many things, one of which is the quality of the school’s program. Many other elements make up the school including the community, the teachers, and of course the actual environment in which the learning takes place. All of these things depend on a solid financial backing in order to exist fully for the benefit of the students. According to â€Å"The Facts on File Dictionary of Education†, the word ‘budgeting’ is defined as, â€Å"No less than the single most important decision-making process in the United States public institutions today,† (73). The people who are responsible for this allocation of funds are left with an exceptionally tough job. One member of the faculty that is in charge of proper distribution of district budget funds is the administrator. This job can be very stressful, seeing as how the existence of these growing funds has, over the years, become extremely vital. The first and foremost element of the school district is the community. The job of the administrator here is to see that the community is knowledgeable of what is needed. Focusing more toward public schools; the fact of the matter is that if the community is not well-informed on the needs of the school district, budgets will not pass. As substantial finances are needed for the success of academic programs, the lack of a significant budget will noticeably lead to a lack of academic quality among the district. As Dr. Robert Kopecek explains in his interview entitled â€Å"The Man the Myth and The Mission†, public schooling can only exist with community support. â€Å"†¦strong public education is something that citizens need to invest in if you’re going to have a thriving community,† (14). As one can see, the correlation between the quality of the school district and the quality of the community it resides in is very pronounced. Furthermore, he says â€Å"The cost of education has also changed. It’s a big business†¦so muc...

Identification and analysis of DNA repair mechanisms that contribute Assignment

Identification and analysis of DNA repair mechanisms that contribute to resistance against nucleoside analogues - Assignment Example For instance of repair pathways are homologous recombination (HR), trans-lesion synthesis (TLS), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR) (Martin et al., 2010). When there are double-strand breaks in the DNA strands and the replication forks, HR and the NHEJ pathways are at work to repair it. In the case of modified or incorrect basis, which can happen in DNA synthesis, the BER path works to remove them. When there are chemically induced damages to DNA or UV damage, the NER pathway removes the damage. MMR is the pathway repairing deletion, mismatch or insertion mutations that happen in the DNA and TLS pathways makes the polymerases bypass modified bases which can disrupt the replication forks. In other cases, multiple protein pathways take part in maintaining the genetic wholeness in different cell cycles, stopping the aberrant or anomalous cells from dividing. Thus, the daughter cells inherit the correc t genomic information (Martin et al. 2010). There are various mutations are happened at the same time, the repair process misses some of mutations and become part of DNA (Loeb, Loeb 2000). Currently, there are 346 genes, which are associated with the development of cancer and this number keeps increasing. In some cases these genes are mutated only in cancer cells, not in the normal cells. In other cases genes may show increased levels of deregulated. In both cases, the result can be a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the genes, which may lead to change pathways both in the cancer cell and the body itself (Huang, Wallqvist & Covell 2006). This suggests that mutations are very essential part of cancer formation. It is observed that when human cancer is first detected, there are already thousands of different mutations. Also, information that cancer can be passed from one generation to the next, means that some of those mutations are inherited in the genes (Loeb, Loeb 2000) . Cancer is characterised by a high rate of somatic cells cloning themselves. These cells do not go by the normal growth regulation mechanisms acting in a cell. This is why these cells can multiply far more rapidly than a normal cell would. In a similar way, mechanisms controlling apoptosis are also not working normally, which means that the cancerous cell does not die when it should (Evan, Vousden 2001). Most tumours that develop in the human body are substantially heterogeneous. This suggests that many mutations occur in the cancer cells leading to the creation of tumours and to the change in function of normal cells compared to cancerous cells (Loeb Loeb & Anderson 2003. That is why cancer can be seen as a disease, or many diseases, which happen because of genetic abnormalities piling up in the cells (Huang, Wallqvist & Covell 2006). In each generation of cancer cells, significant mutation occurs within different cells, and those that develop mutations that facilitate cancer grow th are selected for, resulting in an increase in the prevalence of these cells. Mutations may be subtle, such as changes in the sequence of nucleotides, or more substantial, involving changes in the chromosomes themselves (Wang et al, 2002). One important factor in the treatment of cancer is that therapeutic killing cancer cells, which make the cancer go into remission, can also make it more resistant to treatment in a similar manner to how some microorganisms can become

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Philosophy - Essay Example America’s Visions Different continents in the world have dissimilar myths about human identity. For instance, in America, the first story is on Emergence, which states that all human being came from a different world and settled in the one they are currently living. The other world, which is the womb, is considered as the earth mother. This emergence is often referred to as giving birth. The midwife in this case is a female who is like a spider woman. In this emergence story, the male human beings are not featured anywhere. In this case, the formation of human beings is often done in dissimilar stages of growth and change. This is necessitated by inner forces in the womb, and finally the people emerge from a hole and eventually settle in their present homes. The ex nihilo story is found in many cultures, America included, which means â€Å"out of nothing†. Human identity is brought about by the thought of a creator who through his dreams and breath was able to form a hu man being. Through the creator’s bodily secretions, they believed that a being would be formed because of that. This is solely from within the creator who does not exist in the physical world. Another story is the world parent, which describes the union of two parents when they are both disjoined from one another. These two parents are referred to as the Sky and the Earth, which describes the male, and female respectively. ... East Asia In East Asia, and particularly Japan, their vision of human identity was similar to the American and Central Asian cultures. At first, there was chaos, and out of it came light that formed the sky. It later formed the earth. Both the sky and the earth formed various creations and it is at this time that the roots of two people Yang and Yin who were male and female respectively begun to grow in the sky and the earth. At this time both of them were united together and they started separating to create a man and another light brought another person who was like him and he taught him to make clothes to cover himself because he was naked. Another version is of how a bird was sent under the water to create a land inside the water where people can live. The bird then went splashing water apart with its feet at the same time creating the earth when people will live. They believe that their ancestor was a bear because of their hairy bodies. They also believe that two people a male a nd a female were sent to the earth and had a son from where they originated. Australia and the Pacific vision A vision on the Australian myths was about analyzing every animal and its features, which included why the emu has long legs, why the snake has no legs and the reason why the koala has no tail among others. They tell of the formation of the Milky Way and the migration of animals to Australia. They tell of how the first humans came into existence in the continent and how the beginning came into existence. They believed in a wondrous being that went all over the world creating trees, animals and everything in the world and lastly created human beings. African Vision In

Les Misérables Essay Example for Free

Les Misà ©rables Essay Victor Hugo – Les Miserables BACKGROUND : Victor Marie Hugo was the son of a general in Napoleon’s army, and much of his childhood was therefore spent amid the backdrop of Napoleon’s campaigns in Spain and in Italy. The first three years of his life were spent in Elba, where he learnt to speak the Italian dialect spoken in the island in addition to his mother tongue. Victor got a little education in a small school. At the age of eleven, Hugo returned to live with his mother in Paris, where he got a little education in a small and where he also became infatuated with books and literature. By the time he was fifteen, he had already submitted one poem to a contest sponsored by the prestigious French Academy. There he learnt much from an old soldier, General Lahorie, who, obnoxious to Napoleon for the share he had taken in Moreaus plot, lived secretly in the house, and from an old priest named Lariviere, who came every day to teach Victor and his two brothers. In 1815, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to a boarding school to prepare for the Ecole Polytechnique. But he devoted himself, even at school, to verse-writing with greater ardour than to study. He wrote in early youth more than one poem for a prize competition, composed a romance which some years later he elaborated into the story Bug Jargal, and in 1820, when only eighteen, joined his two brothers, Abel and Eugene, in publishing a literary journal called Le Conservateur Litteraire. Hugo published his first novel the year following his marriage (Han dIslande, 1823) and his second three years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). By the end of 1822 Victor Hugo was fully launched on a literary career, and for twenty years or more the story of his life is mainly the story of his literary output. Because of his successful drama Cormwell, the preface to which, with its note of defiance to literary convention, caused him to be definitely accepted as the head of the Romantic School of poetry. The revolution of 1830 disturbed for a moment his literary activity, but as soon as things were quiet again he shut himself in his study with a bottle of ink, a pen, and an immense pile of paper. For six weeks he was never seen, except at dinner-time, and the result was : The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831). During the next ten years four volumes of poetry and four dramas were published in 1841 came his election to the Academy, and in 1843 he published Les Burgraves, a drama which was less successful than his former plays, and which marks the close of his career as a dramatist. In the same year there came to him the greatest sorrow of his life. His most famous poem was ‘Demain, des l’aube’ in which he describes the crucial moment where he visits his daughters grave. As Hugo grew older, his politics became increasingly leftist, and he was forced to flee France in 1851 because of his opposition to the monarch Louis Napoleon. Hugo remained in exile until 1870, when he returned to his home country as a national hero. He continued to write until his death in 1885. He was buried with every conceivable honor in one of the grandest funerals in modern French history. The Book – Les Miserable : Hugo began writing Les Miserables twenty years before its eventual publication in 1862. His goals in writing the novel were as lofty as the reputation it has subsequently acquired; Les Miserables is primarily a great humanitarian work that encourages compassion and hope in the face of adversity and injustice. It is also, however, a historical novel of great scope and analysis, and it provides a detailed vision of nineteenth-century French politics and society. By coupling his story of redemption with a meticulous documentation of the injustices of France’s recent past, Hugo hoped Les Miserables would encourage a more progressive and democratic future. Driven by his commitment to reform and progress, Hugo wrote Les Miserables with nothing less than a literary and political revolution in mind. Les Miserables employs Hugo’s style of imaginative realism and is set in an artificially created human hell that emphasizes the three major predicaments of the nineteenth century. Each of the three major characters in the novel symbolizes one of these predicaments: Jean Valjean represents the degradation of man in the proletariat, Fantine represents the subjection of women through hunger, and Cosette represents the atrophy of the child by darkness. In part, the novel’s fame has endured because Hugo successfully created characters that serve as symbols of larger problems without being flat devices.